Talk:Main Page

Why Libraries and Information Centers Matter — in Nepal and Around the World

Libraries and information centers have always stood as cornerstones of knowledge, learning, and community development. In every society, from the bustling cities of the world to the remote villages of Nepal, they serve as gateways to information, education, and opportunity. In Nepal, libraries have played a quiet yet powerful role in shaping literacy, cultural identity, and lifelong learning. They are safe spaces where people of all ages can explore ideas freely — beyond the barriers of class, gender, or geography. From public libraries preserving centuries-old manuscripts to community reading centers empowering rural learners, these institutions connect people with the resources they need to grow and make informed decisions. Globally, libraries and information centers uphold democracy and social progress by ensuring free and equal access to information. They promote digital inclusion, support research, and safeguard cultural heritage. In an age of misinformation and rapid technological change, libraries stand as trusted spaces for truth, critical thinking, and creativity. For Nepal, investing in modern and accessible libraries means investing in human development. As the nation advances in education, science, and technology, libraries can serve as the bridge — linking traditional wisdom with global knowledge, and local learners with international networks. Libraries are not just about books. They are about people — about empowering citizens, preserving culture, and nurturing innovation. Whether in Kathmandu or any corner of the world, libraries remain essential pillars of an informed, connected, and enlightened society.

History of Library in Nepal

It was started long time ago.

History of libraries in Nepal — evolution from traditional manuscript archives to modern digital libraries

The history of libraries in Nepal traces a long trajectory from palace and monastic manuscript collections to public and academic libraries, and most recently to digital preservation and online access initiatives. Over more than a century, Nepalese libraries have preserved manuscripts on palm-leaf and paper, supported scholarly culture, survived natural disasters, and embraced digitization and national-level projects to make cultural heritage more accessible.

Early collections and manuscript culture

Prior to the establishment of modern libraries, Nepal's written heritage was predominantly preserved in monasteries, royal courts, and private collections. Religious institutions and Newar Buddhist and Hindu communities maintained palm-leaf manuscripts, codices, and loose documents containing religious, medical, legal and historical texts. These manuscript traditions formed the backbone of Nepal’s documentary memory well into the 19th and early 20th centuries (see sections on institutional foundations below for surviving examples).

Colonial-era influences and private libraries

Although Nepal was never colonized, contact with Britain and Indian intellectual currents in the late 19th and early 20th centuries influenced book collecting and the idea of public libraries. Wealthy Rana rulers and elites collected books and formed private libraries that later became public institutions. A notable example is the Kaiser Library in Kathmandu, founded by Field Marshal Kaiser Shumsher (son of Prime Minister Chandra Shumsher Rana) in 1907; its collection of rare books and manuscripts later became a public resource and remains one of Nepal’s important historic libraries. The Kaiser Library holds early printed works and ancient manuscripts and has been referenced as a major repository of Nepalese cultural heritage. Wikipedia +1

Formation of national and scholarly libraries (mid-20th century)

The mid-20th century saw the formal establishment of national and academic libraries as Nepal modernized its education and administrative systems. The Nepal National Library (NNL) — the country’s legal deposit and central public library — was established in January 1957 from the government acquisition of private and official collections; it became the nucleus for national bibliographic control and preservation of published materials. Wikipedia +1

Other important cultural and scholarly repositories founded in the mid-20th century include the Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya (a leading archive and research library for Nepali language publications and literary prizes, with roots in mid-1940s collecting) and the National Archives of Nepal (established to manage government and historical records). These institutions strengthened preservation, research, and the documentation of Nepalese intellectual life. Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya +1

Public library movement and professionalization

From the 1950s onward, public library infrastructure expanded unevenly, with major collections concentrated in Kathmandu and a slower spread to regional areas. The Nepal Library Association (NLA), reconstituted in 1980, played a role in promoting library development, professional training, standards, and national-level coordination among library workers and institutions. Wikipedia +1

Challenges: disasters, deterioration, and collection risk

Nepal’s libraries and archives have faced persistent challenges. The April 2015 Gorkha earthquake damaged or destroyed buildings and collections in several major libraries, including Kaiser Library and parts of the National Library — underscoring vulnerabilities in infrastructure, storage, and disaster preparedness. Conservation and emergency salvage efforts since 2015 have been a major focus for library managers, heritage organizations and international partners. Binghamton University Library News +1

Move toward digitization and national digital library initiatives

Beginning in the late 20th century and accelerating in the 21st, Nepali libraries started adopting digital technologies for cataloguing, preservation, and user access. Early local projects used tools such as Greenstone and DSpace for creating institutional digital collections. More recently, national-level programs have sought to coordinate digitization and preservation across key libraries.

A prominent initiative is the “Digitization and Preservation of Library Resources” (DPLR), launched to digitize and safeguard collections of major public libraries — including the Nepal National Library, Kaiser Library, and Dilliraman Kalyani Regmi Memorial Library — with support from government and development partners. Parallel efforts have created institutional digital repositories (for example, NNL’s DSpace-based collection) and promoted standards for digital preservation and access. NDL +2 SoED +2

Recent developments: collaboration, standards and access

In the last two decades Nepalese library stakeholders (libraries, the Nepal Library Association, universities, and international partners) have pushed for:

collaborative digitization projects to protect fragile manuscripts and printed heritage (including depositing digital surrogates in national repositories); Endangered Archives Programme +1

capacity building for metadata, cataloguing, and digital preservation; NLA

increasing public access through online catalogues and digital libraries (NNL’s digital portal and other institutional repositories); NNL Archive

integrating libraries into broader cultural-heritage networks and international fora (for example through partnerships and technical assistance). National Diet Library +1

Notable institutions (examples)

Nepal National Library (NNL) — national legal deposit and central public library, established 1957; evolving digital presence with institutional repositories. Wikipedia +1

Kaiser Library — historic private collection turned public library (est. 1907) with rare manuscripts and books; significantly affected by the 2015 earthquake and subsequently subject to restoration and digitization concern. Wikipedia +1

Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya (MPP) — principal archive of Nepali-language books and periodicals; important for literary heritage and NepaLinux/technology initiatives tied to Nepali-language computing. Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya +1

National Archives of Nepal — government archives responsible for public records and historical documentation (established 1967). Narchives

Significance and outlook

The evolution of Nepalese libraries illustrates a broader shift from manuscript-based preservation toward networked, digital access. Digitization projects and national coordination have raised the prospects for broader public access, enhanced research capability, and better long-term preservation — but challenges remain in infrastructure, funding, disaster resilience, and technical capacity. Continued collaboration among government agencies, professional associations (such as the NLA), universities, and international partners is crucial to safeguarding Nepal’s documentary heritage and widening access through modern digital library services. NDL +1

Library Automation in South Asia

Library automation in South Asia refers to the use of information and communication technology (ICT) to manage traditional library services (cataloguing, circulation, acquisitions, etc.) and to introduce new digital workflows across libraries in countries such as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and other SAARC members. Over the decades, automation has transformed how libraries operate in the region, though progress has been uneven due to economic, infrastructure, and capacity constraints.

Historical Development Early Adoption

In many South Asian countries, library automation began in the late 1980s and 1990s as libraries installed microcomputers and started building local bibliographic databases. ir.inflibnet.ac.in

In Sri Lanka, for example, the first computerized catalogue appeared in libraries around 1982, and by the early 2000s several academic and national libraries had begun exploring integrated library systems (ILS). ir.inflibnet.ac.in +1

Library networks in Sri Lanka, such as AGRINET and ENLINET, also played a role in promoting joint cataloguing and database sharing. gpntb.ru

In Pakistan, the Pakistan Library Automation Group (PakLAG) was established in 2000 to coordinate and support automation efforts across the country. Wikipedia

Growth Phase

By the 2000s and 2010s, many university libraries, special libraries, and government libraries in South Asia were evaluating or adopting integrated library systems. For instance, in India, several college libraries studied their automation status, reporting widespread use of common library software. Digital Commons

In Bangladesh, early adopters included the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research and Agricultural Information Centres, which used computers to manage bibliographic databases, though full automation remained rare in many libraries. ir.inflibnet.ac.in

Over time, automation in South Asian libraries also extended to networked and shared catalogues, enabling resource sharing and more efficient acquisition.

Tools & Systems

Several software tools and systems have been used for library automation in South Asia:

CDS/ISIS: This was commonly adopted in early automation projects, especially in Sri Lanka. ir.inflibnet.ac.in +1

WINISIS: A Windows‑based version of the ISIS system, used in some national and academic libraries. gpntb.ru

Koha (Open-Source ILS): In Sri Lanka, Koha has become a popular choice. According to national reports, many libraries—including university, public, and special libraries—migrated their data to Koha for cataloguing, circulation, and serials control. natlib.lk

SOUL Software: The SOUL (Software for University Libraries) package has also been used: a case study at SKUAST-K (Sher-e-Kashmir University) in India reported using SOUL for their automation process. ijim.in

RFID Technology: More recently, some libraries in Sri Lanka have introduced RFID for self check-in/check-out systems. natlib.lk

Artificial Intelligence / AI Tools: Emerging research shows increasing interest in AI applications in libraries across SAARC regions. Tools such as chatbots, virtual assistants, and large language models are being explored to make services smarter and more user-centric. ir.lib.pdn.ac.lk

Challenges

Despite progress, library automation in South Asia faces several major challenges:

Infrastructure and Funding

Many libraries struggle with insufficient budgets to procure and maintain library management systems, hardware, and stable internet connectivity. ir.inflibnet.ac.in +2 srels.org +2

Power outages and poor physical infrastructure in some regions hinder automated services. natlib.lk

Technical Capacity and Human Resources

Library staff often lack adequate training in managing ILS, configuring systems, or handling data migration. Digital Commons +1

There is a low level of awareness or adoption of more advanced tools like AI; linked to limited digital literacy among library professionals. ir.lib.pdn.ac.lk

Standardization and Interoperability

Lack of uniform cataloguing standards is a recurring problem. For instance, in Sri Lanka, some studies recommend adopting a standardized MARC (Machine-Readable Cataloguing) system. natlib.lk

Without common metadata standards, it's difficult for different libraries to share resources or build union catalogues.

Sustainability and Maintenance

Open-source systems like Koha require ongoing maintenance, updates, and sometimes local customization — which many libraries find hard to support. natlib.lk

Proprietary systems may have license costs that limit adoption in resource-constrained settings.

Policy and Governance

There are gaps in national-level policies that support library automation, especially for smaller public or rural libraries. srels.org

Ethical and regulatory challenges are emerging in the context of AI: concerns around data privacy, institutional capacity, and policy frameworks. ir.lib.pdn.ac.lk

Recent Trends & Future Directions

AI and Digital Transformation: As noted in contemporary research, AI is increasing its footprint in library services across South Asia. Libraries are exploring intelligent automation, chatbots, recommendation systems, and predictive analytics to better serve users. ir.lib.pdn.ac.lk

Open-Source Adoption: There's a growing trend toward open-source ILMS (like Koha) as libraries seek cost-effective, customizable tools. This supports wider automation, including in smaller or rural institutions. natlib.lk +1

Digitization and Preservation: Many South Asian libraries are digitizing their collections—not just to automate the catalog, but also to preserve manuscripts, newspapers, and other valuable materials.

Regional Collaboration: Initiatives such as shared catalogues, collective training programs, and regional ICT policies can help tackle fragmentation and resource constraints.

Significance

Library automation is pivotal for South Asia’s cultural and educational ecosystem. By modernizing library operations and increasing access to digital and catalogued resources, automation supports research, learning, and preservation of national heritage. The shift toward smarter, AI-enabled systems also aligns with global trends in information services, positioning South Asian libraries to better serve their communities in the digital era.

References

Deepali Talagala & Premila Gamage, Library Automation in Sri Lanka: an overview, INFLIBNET Centre (2003) ir.inflibnet.ac.in

Kumar Sanjay & K. P. Singh, Status of ICT Application / Library Automation in Selected Government Libraries in Delhi, Journal of Information and Knowledge (2024) srels.org

Pakistan Library Automation Group (PakLAG) entry, Wikipedia. Wikipedia

Deepali Talagala (et al.), Library Automation in Sri Lanka, National Federation report. natlib.lk

Study on library automation in Bangladesh, Library Automation in Bangladesh: The Dhaka … ir.inflibnet.ac.in

Tahir Ahmed Batt, Case Study of SKUAST-K Library Automation Using SOUL Software, International Journal of Information Movement. ijim.in

T. S. Poornappriya, K. S. Sujith, K. S. Vedashawmya & Arunachalam Rajkumar, Transforming Library Services through AI in SAARC Countries: a Review and Practical Implications, University of Peradeniya. ir.lib.pdn.ac.lk

Journal of the University Librarians Association of Sri Lanka (JULA), “AI in Library Services,” Vol. 27, Issue 2, July 2024. jula.sljol.info

Community Libraries in Developing Countries

Community libraries are libraries established and managed primarily to serve the informational, educational, and social needs of local communities, particularly in developing countries. Unlike national or academic libraries, these libraries are typically smaller in scale, community-driven, and focused on local engagement. They play a crucial role in promoting literacy, lifelong learning, digital inclusion, and social development.

Role

Community libraries in developing countries serve multiple purposes beyond traditional book lending:

Promoting literacy and education: They provide access to books, learning materials, and educational programs for children, youth, and adults, helping to bridge literacy gaps where formal education resources are limited.

Information access: These libraries often offer resources on health, agriculture, governance, and social services, making critical knowledge accessible to underserved populations.

Digital inclusion: Many community libraries provide access to computers, the internet, and digital literacy programs, helping communities participate in the digital economy.

Social and cultural development: They act as community hubs for discussion, cultural activities, and civic engagement, strengthening social cohesion.

Support for marginalized groups: Community libraries often target women, rural populations, and other marginalized groups, addressing social inequities in access to knowledge.

Models

Community libraries in developing countries adopt several operational models:

Government-supported libraries: Funded and administered by national or local governments, these libraries are part of public library systems and often rely on state resources for infrastructure, staff, and collections. Examples include public libraries in India, Kenya, and Nepal.

NGO or non-profit libraries: Operated by non-governmental organizations, foundations, or charities, these libraries often focus on literacy promotion, early childhood education, and capacity-building programs.

Community-owned libraries: Managed and maintained by local community groups, with volunteer staff and local funding. This model promotes ownership, participation, and sustainability at the grassroots level.

School-based community libraries: Libraries attached to schools that are open to the wider community outside school hours. This model maximizes resource utilization and strengthens school-community connections.

Impact

Community libraries have demonstrated measurable impacts in developing countries:

Educational outcomes: Studies have shown that access to community libraries improves literacy rates, school performance, and lifelong learning opportunities.

Social empowerment: Libraries provide marginalized populations with knowledge and skills, increasing self-reliance and social inclusion.

Economic development: By providing access to vocational resources, information on agriculture, small business development, and digital skills, libraries contribute indirectly to local economic growth.

Cultural preservation: Libraries often collect local history, folklore, and cultural materials, preserving and promoting local heritage.

Challenges

Community libraries in developing countries face several challenges:

Limited funding: Many libraries rely on inconsistent external support, which affects sustainability and collection development.

Infrastructure constraints: Poor physical facilities, lack of electricity, internet access, and safe spaces limit library effectiveness.

Staffing and training: A shortage of trained librarians and volunteers can affect the quality of services.

Low community awareness: In some areas, limited understanding of the library’s value restricts utilization.

References

Aina, L.O. (2004). Library and Information Science Text for Africa. Ibadan: Third World Information Services.

IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions). (2006). Community-Led Library Development in Developing Countries. The Hague: IFLA.

Sen, B. & Bhatt, R. (2018). "Community Libraries and Literacy in South Asia," Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 50(2), 150–162.

UNESCO. (2017). Public Libraries in Developing Countries: Role, Challenges, and Impact. Paris: UNESCO.

Mooko, M. & Pienaar, H. (2015). “The role of community libraries in promoting lifelong learning in rural areas of Africa,” African Journal of Library, Archives and Information Science, 25(1), 1–12.

Library Diplomacy

Library diplomacy refers to the role of libraries, librarians, and library institutions in international relations, especially in contributing to soft power, cultural diplomacy, and knowledge exchange. It is a growing concept in both library and information science and international relations scholarship, highlighting how libraries act as actors in diplomacy and global cooperation.

Origins and Conceptual Framework

The concept of library diplomacy has been theorized by scholars through a range of international relations lenses — including soft power, constructivism, realism, and practice theory from librarianship. informationr.net +1

According to Mariano and Bell, library diplomacy can be divided into three dimensions:

Libraries in diplomacy – libraries influencing global policy, contributing expertise in international decision-making; alia.org.au +1

Libraries for diplomacy – libraries serving as platforms or instruments for cross-cultural engagement, building people-to-people relationships; informationr.net +1

Diplomacy for libraries – international cooperation that supports development of libraries and librarianship globally. alia.org.au +1

Role in Soft Power and Cultural Diplomacy

Libraries contribute to soft power by shaping values, promoting national identity, and making cultural and intellectual resources accessible. OUCI +1

The core values of librarianship — education, freedom of information, equality, and human rights — align closely with the values used in soft power projection. informationr.net

Through cultural diplomacy, libraries help to build bridges between societies: they foster understanding by making cultural heritage, literature, and local knowledge accessible to international audiences. Cambridge University Press & Assessment +2 alia.org.au +2

For example, in the GLAM (Galleries, Libraries, Archives, Museums) context, libraries actively participate in cultural diplomacy by hosting diasporic knowledge, collaborating across borders, and advocating for heritage preservation. IFLA

Knowledge Diplomacy and Open Knowledge

Library diplomacy is closely linked to knowledge diplomacy, which involves strengthening relations between countries via international higher education, research, and innovation. alia.org.au +1

Emilia Bell proposes the idea of open knowledge diplomacy, which frames open access, open scholarship, and open infrastructure as tools in diplomatic engagement. iastatedigitalpress.com +1

In this framework, libraries can act as knowledge brokers — facilitating access, translation, and exchange of open research and policy-relevant information. alia.org.au

Institutional and Policy Influence

Library institutions and associations advocate for the role of libraries in global policy processes, such as cultural sustainability and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). IFLA +1

At the MONDIACULT 2022 conference (UNESCO), IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations) called on policymakers to recognize libraries as critical cultural actors. IFLA

Libraries also support media and information literacy, which is tied to UNESCO’s mission of inclusive information access and sustainable development. UNESCO

Examples and Case Studies

In Armenia, the National Library of Armenia has engaged in “library diplomacy” as part of international library cooperation, sharing documents, resources, and values across borders. journal.nla.am

In South Korea, public libraries have been involved in Korean cultural diplomacy: foreign-language book collections, “Korean Corners” in overseas libraries, and programming that promotes Korean literature and culture abroad. revistatransilvania.ro

The Biblioteca Benjamín Franklin in Mexico City is another example — it is the U.S. Embassy’s information center and fosters cultural and educational ties between the United States and Mexico. Wikipedia

Challenges and Critiques

Research indicates that while the concept of libraries as soft-power actors is gaining traction, empirical studies remain limited. OUCI

Critics caution that soft power framing can gloss over power imbalances, neocolonial patterns, or the “competitive” nature of international knowledge exchange. iastatedigitalpress.com

There is also a risk that library diplomacy becomes instrumentalized — libraries being used primarily as tools of national foreign policy rather than as independent cultural institutions. iastatedigitalpress.com

Future Directions

Scholars call for more grounded empirical research on how library diplomacy works in practice, and its long-term effects on global cultural relations. informationr.net

The growing importance of digital diplomacy means libraries must consider virtual outreach, digitization, and online cultural exchange as part of their diplomatic mission. journal.nla.am +1

Strengthening open knowledge infrastructure and promoting equitable access to information globally is seen as a path forward in library diplomacy. iastatedigitalpress.com

International library networks (e.g., IFLA, regional associations) are increasingly important in diplomacy for libraries — coordinating capacity-building, advocacy, and shared cultural goals. IFLA

Significance

Library diplomacy highlights how libraries are not only local institutions but also global actors. By connecting people across borders, preserving cultural heritage, and supporting open access to knowledge, libraries contribute to cultural understanding, soft power projection, and international cooperation.

References

Bell, Emilia C., and Mary Anne Kennan. “The library as soft‑power actor: A review.” IFLA Journal, vol. 48, no. 4, 2021, pp. 706–716. DOI:10.1177/03400352211054113. OUCI +1

Bell, Emilia C. “Open knowledge through soft power, diplomacy, and the library: A theoretical analysis and critique.” Journal of Librarianship and Scholarly Communication, vol. 12, no. 2, 2025. DOI:10.31274/jlsc.18276. iastatedigitalpress.com

Mariano, Randolf, and Emilia Bell. “Library Diplomacy” Seminar. Australian Library and Information Association, April 2024. alia.org.au

Prieto Gutiérrez, Juan José. “World Libraries, the Diplomatic Role of Cultural Agencies.” European Review, vol. 23, issue 3, July 2015, pp. 361–368. DOI:10.1017/S1062798715000137. Cambridge University Press & Assessment

Mariano, Randolf. “Mapping and searching for a theory and concept of library diplomacy.” InformationR.net, CoLIS 2022 special issue. DOI:10.47989/colis2208. informationr.net

Suciu, Marian, and Octavia Hulpoi. “Cultural Diplomacy Within the Library: The South Korean Model.” Transilvania, no. 10 (2024), pp. 51–57. revistatransilvania.ro

IFLA. “IFLA at the QNL Libraries Lead Forum: GLAMs and Cultural Diplomacy.” IFLA News, March 2023. IFLA

IFLA. “IFLA Brought the Voice of Libraries to the UNESCO World Conference on Cultural Policies and Sustainable Development – MONDIACULT 2022.” IFLA, October 2022. IFLA

UNESCO. “Key Role of Libraries for Development of Media and Information Literacy Highlighted at 89th World Library and Information Congress.” UNESCO News, August 2025. UNESCO

ALIA (Australian Library & Information Association). “Cultural diplomacy.” ALIA repository. read.alia.org.au

Open Access Movement in Nepal

Open Access Movement in Nepal Overview

The Open Access (OA) movement in Nepal seeks to improve the availability, dissemination, and accessibility of research and educational resources. Over the years, Nepal has made measurable progress through advocacy, national repositories, institutional policies, and collaborations with global OA initiatives.

Historical Development and Key Milestones

Early Advocacy and Awareness

Open Access Nepal, a student-led advocacy initiative, was established around 2014 to raise awareness among students, researchers, librarians, and journal editors. EIFL +1

The first International Open Access Week held in Nepal was in October 2014, co‑organized by Open Access Nepal, EIFL (Electronic Information for Libraries), and the Right to Research Coalition. oknp.org

Central Open Access Repository

Between 2011 and 2013, with funding from EIFL, the Nepal Library and Information Consortium (NeLIC), in partnership with The Social Science Baha and Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya, launched a central OA repository using DSpace software. EIFL +1

This repository was promoted through workshops, meetings (12 meetings + one‑day workshop), engaging over 285 participants from universities, colleges, research centres, NGOs, and libraries. EIFL

Institutional Open Access Policies

Some institutions in Nepal have adopted open access policies. For instance, the Institute of Medicine (Nepal) developed an internal policy to encourage faculty to publish in OA journals. Creative Commons

Open Access Nepal and other civil society groups have pushed for a national open access / open science policy. EIFL

Open Science and Libraries

The Nepal Library Association (NLA) is promoting open science (which includes open access), and has committed to building infrastructure such as an Open Journal System (OJS) to support open scholarly publishing. nla.org.np +1

Recent discourse (e.g., IFLA presentations) emphasize the role of Nepalese libraries in multilingual open science, digitization of local content, and knowledge equity. IFLA Repository +1

Key Institutions and Stakeholders

Nepal Library and Information Consortium (NeLIC)

Established in December 2009. nla.org.np +2 oknp.org +2

Works on electronic resource sharing, library cooperation, open access advocacy, open‑source software (FOSS), and copyright issues. oknp.org

Actively supported by EIFL in launching OA initiatives. EIFL

EIFL (Electronic Information for Libraries)

Has provided financial and technical support to NeLIC and other local partners in Nepal since 2008. EIFL

Helps negotiate open access publishing agreements, advocate copyright reform, and supports OA awareness programs. EIFL +1

Open Access Nepal

A grassroots, student‑driven network that promotes OA awareness, organizes workshops, and advocates for policy change. EIFL

Linked with global OA movements such as the Right to Research Coalition. oknp.org

NepJOL (Nepal Journals Online)

An open-access platform maintained by Tribhuvan University Central Library, hosting hundreds of Nepali scholarly journals across disciplines. tucl.tu.edu.np +1

Helps local researchers publish and access research in Nepali and English. risingscholars.net +1

Nepal Library Association (NLA)

Supports open science and open access through promoting open journals, conducting training, and building infrastructure. nla.org.np +1

Publishes Access: An International Journal of Nepal Library Association, which is open access under a Creative Commons license. NepJol

OLE Nepal

Runs E-Pustakalaya, a digital library for school-age learners, offering free downloadable and readable content even in low-bandwidth settings. Wikipedia

Contributes to open educational resources (OER) that align with OA principles.

Academic Journals

Several Nepali journals are fully open access, e.g., the Journal of Nepal Health Research Council. Wikipedia

Journal of Nepal Medical Association also publishes open-access research. Wikipedia

Policy Challenges & Barriers

Lack of a Comprehensive National Policy

Although there have been advocacy efforts, as of now (based on available sources) there is no unified, mandatory national-level OA policy for all higher education and research institutions in Nepal.

Institutional OA policies are still limited to only a few organizations (e.g., medical institutions). Creative Commons

Sustainability of Repositories

Maintaining repositories (e.g., the central OA repository) requires ongoing technical and financial support. The initial DSpace‑based repository was launched with donor funding, but long-term sustainability is a challenge. EIFL

Metadata quality, standardization, and consistency across institutional repositories remain concerns. ir.inflibnet.ac.in

Researcher Engagement

Some researchers may lack awareness of OA benefits or struggle with self-archiving due to technical or policy obstacles.

Institutional incentives (for faculty to deposit work in repositories) are not yet widespread.

Language & Inclusivity

Many OA repositories and content are in English. Efforts to support Nepali-language and other local language content are still emerging. IFLA Repository +1

Rural and under-resourced institutions may lack infrastructure or training to fully participate in OA initiatives.

Recent Developments & Future Directions

Libraries in Nepal are increasingly framing OA as part of Open Science, not just open access to publications. nla.org.np +1

The National Digital Library Project: According to recent reports, efforts are underway (with support from development partners) to digitize public library collections (e.g., National Library, Kaiser Library) and make them accessible through a digital platform. IFLA Repository

OA advocacy continues via Open Access Nepal with regional workshops and university-level outreach. EIFL

There is growing discussion (among libraries, policymakers, and civil society) about institutional OA mandates, multilingual repositories, and bridging digital divides through inclusive open science.

Significance and Impact

The open access movement in Nepal helps democratize research and knowledge, especially for students, researchers, and policy makers who may lack access to expensive subscription journals.

By improving access to Nepali research through NepJOL and institutional repositories, OA strengthens local scholarship visibility and global engagement.

Libraries, especially through NeLIC and NLA, play a key role in promoting OA infrastructure, capacity-building, and policy advocacy.

Open educational resources (OER), promoted by organizations like OLE Nepal, support education equity — particularly in remote or under-resourced areas.

References

“EIFL in Nepal.” EIFL. EIFL +1

“The central open access repository in Nepal.” EIFL case study. EIFL

“Expanding access to research in Nepal.” EIFL news. EIFL

“Open Access Week 2014 Celebrated in Nepal.” OKNP blog. oknp.org

“Building an Institutional Open Access Policy In Nepal.” Creative Commons. Creative Commons

“Open Science.” Nepal Library Association. nla.org.np

Subedi, Pushparaj. Bridging Mountains and Minds: The Role of Libraries in Advancing Equitable and Multilingual Open Science in Nepal. IFLA. IFLA Repository +1

“NeLIC | Nepal Library & Information Consortium.” NeLIC official site. nelic.org

“Nepal Journals Online (NepJOL).” NepJOL official site. NepJol

“QA with Open Access Activist of Nepal.” OKNP. oknp.org

“About the Journal: Access (Nepal Library Association).” NepJOL. NepJol

Aryal, J. “Use and importance of open access in Nepal during …” – research paper. ink.library.smu.edu.sg

“Open Access Repositories.” Nepal Administrative Staff College. nasc.org.np

Open Access Nepal. Facebook page. Facebook

“Open Access in Nepal: EIFL‑OA case study (pdf).” EIFL. EIFL

“Open University of Nepal: A White Paper.” nrnawp.elixirinfosys.com.np

Journal of Nepal Health Research Council. Wikipedia

Journal of Nepal Medical Association. Wikipedia

Subedi, Pushparaj. “Digital Repositories and Local Language Integration.” IFLA. IFLA Repository

Library Standards and Accreditation Practices in South Asia: Comparative Analysis

Library Standards and Accreditation Practices in South Asia: Comparative Analysis Introduction

In South Asia, the library and information science (LIS) profession faces significant challenges in establishing coherent standards and accreditation practices. Unlike some Western countries, where LIS education and professional bodies often have formal accreditation systems, many South Asian nations lack systematic, regional or national accreditation for LIS programs. This comparative analysis examines the state of library standards, education, and accreditation in South Asian countries—including India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka—with a focus on common challenges and opportunities.

Historical Context of LIS Education in South Asia

Library and Information Science (LIS) education in South Asia has a long history. For example, India—with notable figures like S. R. Ranganathan—has hosted LIS programs for decades. bibliotheksportal.de +2 repository.arizona.edu +2

Despite this long tradition, quality assurance in LIS education has been weakly institutionalized. According to T. Kaur, as of 2015, none of the LIS schools or departments in South Asia were accredited by any professional organization. ERIC

Key Challenges in Accreditation and Standards 1. Lack of Professional Accreditation Bodies

In many South Asian countries, there is no dedicated professional accreditation body for LIS programs, unlike in some Western contexts. ERIC +2 bibliotheksportal.de +2

For example, India lacks a national accreditation agency specifically for LIS education, meaning quality control relies on broader higher-education accrediting agencies rather than LIS‑specific standards. bibliotheksportal.de +1

The absence of such bodies has allowed rapid and unregulated growth of LIS programs, sometimes with inadequate infrastructure or resources. bibliotheksportal.de

2. Curriculum and Content Gaps

Many LIS curricula in South Asia still emphasize traditional topics such as classification, cataloguing, and vocabulary control, while emerging issues—like information literacy, e‑learning, knowledge management, and ICT applications—are less systematically integrated. ERIC +1

Course duration and structure vary significantly across countries and institutions. ERIC

Faculty shortages and lack of experienced educators further weaken program quality. ERIC

3. Distance Education and Practical Training

Many LIS programs are offered in distance/online modes, especially in India; but these programs often lack quality oversight, infrastructure, and hands‑on practical lab work. ERIC +1

Because of limited contact classes, students may miss practical training essential for librarianship (e.g., cataloguing, classification). bibliotheksportal.de

4. Institutional and Policy-Level Governance

There is often no national policymaking body exclusively for libraries or LIS education; LIS schools may be subject to general higher-education policy, but not a dedicated regulatory framework. publications.drdo.gov.in +1

Coordination and consensus at national and regional level are weak: there's limited cross-institutional collaboration among LIS departments, and between LIS educators and practicing librarians. bibliotheksportal.de

Country-Level Comparisons India

Has the largest number of LIS schools in South Asia; has a University Grants Commission (UGC) Model Curriculum (2001) to guide LIS education. ERIC

But there is no national LIS accreditation council, despite proposals (e.g., an “Indian Council for Accreditation of Library and Information Science Education” was once suggested). ERIC +1

Distance-mode LIS education is widespread, yet suffers from quality control issues, such as low infrastructure and insufficient full-time faculty. ERIC

Pakistan

LIS education exists from undergraduate to PhD levels. repository.arizona.edu

However, accreditation mechanisms specifically for LIS are not well developed; similar to India, Pakistan lacks a professional accreditation agency for LIS. ERIC +1

Bangladesh

There are LIS departments in multiple universities. repository.arizona.edu

Higher education institutions in Bangladesh are subject to accreditation by the Bangladesh Accreditation Council (BAC). Wikipedia

But BAC is a general higher education accreditation body, not LIS-specific, so it may not enforce LIS‑centric quality standards.

Nepal, Bhutan, and Maldives

The provision for LIS education in these countries is more limited compared to India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com +1

Because LIS programs are fewer and less institutionalized, the debate on LIS accreditation tends to be less advanced.

Sri Lanka

LIS education is provided in at least a few universities. repository.arizona.edu

The Sri Lanka Library Association (SLLA) plays a professional role, but there is no strong LIS‑specific accreditation system mandated at the national level. Wikipedia +1

Comparative Insights

Uniformity vs Fragmentation: Across South Asia, standards are fragmented. While there are model curricula (e.g., UGC in India), implementation and compliance vary widely.

Professional vs Institutional Accreditation: Most accreditation comes from general higher-education bodies—not from LIS-specific professional organizations—leading to gaps in discipline‑specific quality oversight.

Education vs Practice Gap: Without robust accreditation, LIS education risks being disconnected from practical library work. Emerging professional competencies (e.g., digital literacy, data management) may not be adequately addressed.

Regional Coordination: There is limited regional collaboration on accreditation standards. A South Asia–wide professional accreditation or quality assurance mechanism has not yet matured.

Potential for Reform: Scholars have recommended establishing national or regional LIS accreditation bodies; strengthening curriculum content; increasing faculty capacity; and promoting cooperative frameworks among LIS institutions. bibliotheksportal.de +2 ResearchGate +2

Opportunities and Future Directions

Establishing LIS‑Specific Accreditation Bodies: South Asian countries could form dedicated accreditation agencies (or councils) to set minimum standards for LIS education (faculty, infrastructure, curriculum, practical training).

Standardizing Curriculum: Developing a regional “model curriculum” that incorporates both traditional library science and modern information science competencies could help ensure consistency.

Strengthening Distance Education: Improving infrastructure, guaranteeing hands-on components, and regular faculty involvement could make distance LIS programs more credible.

Promoting Regional Collaboration: Institutions in South Asia could collaborate on quality assurance, joint accreditation, and capacity-building for LIS educators.

Professional Association Role: Library associations (e.g., ILA in India, SLLA in Sri Lanka) could take a more active role in defining and advocating for quality standards in LIS education.

Conclusion

The state of library standards and accreditation in South Asia remains fragmented and underdeveloped. While LIS education is widely available in several countries, the lack of dedicated accreditation bodies and consistent quality assurance mechanisms poses challenges for the profession. A more coordinated effort—at national and regional levels—is needed to strengthen LIS education, align it with current professional demands, and ensure that graduates are well-prepared for modern library roles.

References

Kaur, T. “Challenges and Concerns for Library and Information Science Education.” Journal of Education for Library and Information Science, 2015. ERIC

Singh, Jagtar; Wijetunge, Pradeepa. Library and Information Science Education in South Asia: Challenges and Opportunities. ResearchGate, Sept 2018. ResearchGate

Jagtar Singh; (2006). Library and Information Science Education in South Asia. Arizona Repository. repository.arizona.edu

Naushad Ali, P. M.; Samar Iqbal Bakhshi. “Problems and Prospects of LIS Education in India with Special Reference to Distance Mode.” DESIDOC Bulletin of Information Technology. bibliotheksportal.de

Aman, M. M.; “Development of Library and Information Science Education…” Journal of Education for Library and Information Science, 2005. JSTOR

Varalakshmi, R. S. R.; “Need for National Consensus on Library and Information Science Education.” DRDO Journal of Library & Information Technology. publications.drdo.gov.in

Goswami, P. R.; “Information Professionals in the South Asian Region: The Status of Education, Associations, and Professional Development.” Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Digital Preservation of Cultural Heritage in Nepal

Digital preservation of cultural heritage in Nepal refers to the systematic effort to document, archive, and safeguard the country’s tangible and intangible heritage — such as monuments, manuscripts, religious sites, and audiovisual materials — by converting them to digital formats. These efforts are critical in Nepal given its rich history, frequent natural disasters, and risk of material decay.

Overview

Nepal’s cultural heritage is vast and diverse, ranging from ancient temples, stupas, and palaces to manuscripts, oral traditions, and traditional crafts. Following the destructive 2015 earthquake and ongoing threats such as urbanization, environmental degradation, and political instability, initiatives to digitally preserve heritage have gained momentum in recent years.

Key Initiatives

Nepal Heritage Documentation Project (NHDP)

The Nepal Heritage Documentation Project is a major effort to document Nepal’s built heritage. It runs the Digital Archive of Nepalese Arts and Monuments (DANAM), a publicly accessible database containing detailed structured records of monuments, including historical and architectural data, photographs, maps, plans, and inscriptions. danam.cats.uni-heidelberg.de +1

NHDP is a collaborative project involving the Heidelberg Centre for Transcultural Studies, the Saraf Foundation of Himalayan Traditions and Culture, and Nepal’s Department of Archaeology. IIAS

Through DANAM, NHDP also provides guided heritage walks and a mobile app, emphasizing community engagement. danam.cats.uni-heidelberg.de +1

Digital Archaeology Foundation (Nepal)

This foundation captures 3D data (via techniques like 3D photography and motion photography) of important heritage sites including temples, shrines, stupas, and other artifacts to preserve them digitally. digitalarchaeologyfoundation.com +1

Their Digital Archive of Nepal aims to catalog and store diverse media — from photographs to video, audio, 3D models, and engineering plans — for both archiving and disaster recovery. digitalarchaeologyfoundation.com +1

The foundation also makes its data available for restoration: in the event of physical damage (e.g., from earthquakes), its digital models can guide reconstruction. digitalarchaeologyfoundation.com

Archive Nepal

Archive Nepal is a non-profit organization working to digitize Nepalese manuscripts. Their mission includes cataloguing, digitizing, and improving access to these manuscripts, particularly from underserved, ethnic, and marginalized communities. Wikimedia Commons

They are using AI-powered transcription tools and volunteer-based platforms (e.g., Wikisource) to transcribe and translate manuscripts into Nepali and English, increasing accessibility. Wikimedia Commons

“Sampada” Project by Masovision Technology

In 2024, Masovision Technology launched the Sampada Project (सम्पदा परियोजना), a CSR‑driven initiative to digitally preserve and promote Nepal’s religious and cultural heritage. Technology Khabar +1

The project is centered around a mobile app called “Kaha” (कहाँ), created to encourage local and community ownership. The app supports multiple languages, audio narration, 360° views, photos, and videos of heritage sites. Technology Khabar

Through this platform, users can explore heritage sites, and the project aims to build a systematic process for digital documentation, archiving, and global access to Nepal’s heritage. Nepal Press

Preservation of Written Heritage – CSMC, University of Hamburg

The Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures (CSMC) at the University of Hamburg collaborates on preserving Nepal’s written cultural heritage. csmc.uni-hamburg.de

Their work includes microfilming, digitization, and training of local archivists. They also highlight the risk to Nepal’s manuscript collections from poor storage, environmental threats, and past earthquakes. csmc.uni-hamburg.de

Digital Himalaya Project

While not Nepal‑specific, the Digital Himalaya project is a long‑running initiative to digitize ethnographic and multimedia materials (photographs, audio/video recordings, journals) related to the Himalayan region, including Nepal. Wikipedia

It provides open access to archival materials and helps preserve materials that might otherwise be lost due to decay or lack of resources.

Technologies and Methods

3D Laser Scanning / Photogrammetry: As applied in temples and monuments, 3D scanning captures geometry in high detail. One academic paper highlights the use of 3D laser scanning to document heritage sites for both conservation and restoration. NepJol

Structure from Motion (SfM) / Multi‑View Stereo (MVS): These computer vision techniques can generate 3D models from crowdsourced photographs; relevant platforms like Tirtha (though not Nepalese) demonstrate how these can be applied in resource-limited contexts. arXiv

AI / Machine Learning: AI tools help transcribe and translate digitized manuscripts, making them searchable and accessible. Archive Nepal’s project is a good example of this. Wikimedia Commons

Digital Photography and Motion Capture: For visual archiving of temples and shrines, organizations like the Digital Archaeology Foundation use high‑resolution photography and motion captures. digitalarchaeologyfoundation.com

Mobile Applications & Multimedia: Apps like “Kaha” integrate multimedia (audio, video, 360° images) to bring heritage to a wider user base. Technology Khabar

Microfilming and Digitization: Traditional methods are still used, especially for fragile manuscripts; CSMC’s projects highlight microfilm as a preservation medium. csmc.uni-hamburg.de

Disaster Recovery and Remote Storage: Digital models and archives act as a backup for reconstruction in case of natural disasters. For example, Digital Archaeology’s archives help with recovery following catastrophic damage. digitalarchaeologyfoundation.com

Challenges

Resource Constraints

Limited funding, technical infrastructure, and trained personnel slow down digitization efforts, especially in remote or rural areas.

Environmental Risks and Physical Damage

Many heritage sites are vulnerable to earthquakes (as evidenced in the 2015 earthquake), weathering, and other environmental threats. digitalarchaeologyfoundation.com

Manuscripts and old documents suffer from poor storage conditions, humidity, and decay. csmc.uni-hamburg.de +1

Technical Capacity and Skills

There may not be enough local experts trained in advanced digital preservation techniques like 3D modeling, photogrammetry, and AI transcription.

High‑cost of equipment (e.g., 3D scanners) and software is a barrier.

Sustainability of Projects

Some initiatives depend on short-term grants or CSR funding (e.g., “Sampada” Project), which may not guarantee long-term maintenance.

Ensuring digital data remains accessible and secure over decades requires long-term planning (e.g., migration, backups, format obsolescence).

Community Engagement & Ownership

Heritage preservation must involve local communities; without their engagement, digitization can feel disconnected from cultural meaning.

Ensuring that digital platforms respect local customs, narratives, and ownership is complex.

Policy and Legal Frameworks

Weak or unclear national policies on data ownership, digital heritage rights, and archival standards hinder scalable preservation.

There may be licensing, copyright, or cultural sensitivity concerns when making heritage material publicly available online.

Opportunities and Future Directions

Scaling up Crowdsourcing: Using platforms similar to Tirtha could enable Nepali communities and tourists to contribute photographs, which can then be processed into 3D models — making documentation more participatory and cost-effective.

Stronger Partnerships: Collaboration with international institutions (e.g., universities, libraries) and funding bodies could bring both technical expertise and long-term support.

Capacity Building: Investing in training local archivists, conservators, and technical staff in digitization tools (AI, 3D, etc.) will strengthen sustainability.

Policy Development: The government could adopt clearer digital heritage policies that support preservation, data sharing, and long-term archival infrastructure.

Public Engagement: Using apps, virtual reality (VR), and augmented reality (AR) experiences to increase public awareness and engagement with Nepal’s cultural heritage.

Disaster Resilience: Embedding digital preservation within national disaster response plans so that heritage assets are safeguarded before and after crisis.

Significance

Digital preservation of cultural heritage in Nepal is more than just archiving—it’s a way to protect identity, memory, and history. Through digitization, Nepalese heritage places, languages, and traditions remain accessible to future generations, researchers, and global audiences. These efforts also contribute to disaster resilience, educational outreach, and cultural diplomacy.

References

“Nepal Heritage Documentation Project (NHDP)” – Heidelberg Centre for Transcultural Studies. IIAS +1

Digital Archaeology Foundation, Nepal – “Digital Archaeology in Nepal” digitalarchaeologyfoundation.com

Digital Archaeology Foundation – “The Digital Archive of Nepal” digitalarchaeologyfoundation.com

Prashamsa Ghimire, Digitizing Cultural Heritage of Nepal: Tools for Conservation and Restoration, Unity Journal, 2023. NepJol

Archive Nepal – “Digitally preserving Nepal’s manuscripts …” Wikimedia Commons

Technology Khabar – article on Masovision’s “Sampada” Project. Technology Khabar

Nepal Press – coverage of the “Sampada” Project. Nepal Press

Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures (CSMC), University of Hamburg – “Preserving the Written Cultural Heritage of Nepal” csmc.uni-hamburg.de

Hamrakura.com – “प्रविधिको युगमा नेपाल: चुनौतीसँगै समाधानको बाटो” by Suraj Raj Kafle. hamrakura.com

Evolution of School Libraries in Nepal

Evolution of School Libraries in Nepal Introduction

School libraries in Nepal have undergone significant changes over the decades. Though they were once rare or under‑resourced, the role of school libraries has gradually evolved in education policy and practice. Today, they are increasingly recognized as important for literacy, lifelong learning, and student engagement. However, many challenges remain, and reforms are needed to fully realize their potential.

Historical Development and Status Early Status

A National Education Commission report from 1992 highlighted weak infrastructure for school libraries in Nepal. It noted that libraries — even in university campuses — were “not satisfactory,” and that there was no national library policy or legal framework for libraries. Nepal in Data

For many schools, libraries either did not exist or were very minimal, lacking trained staff, proper book collections, and dedicated space. National Diet Library +2 sllim.sljol.info +2

A 2011 study of three public school libraries in Kathmandu found that many students did not use the library regularly: 74% of students surveyed were not library “members,” and typical usage was limited to reference or textbooks rather than recreational reading. TUCL eLibrary

Role of NGOs and External Support

Non-governmental organizations have played a key role in establishing and supporting school libraries. Since around 2010, the Educational Resource and Development Center, Nepal (ERDCN) in partnership with Room to Read has run a School Library Program (SLP) that builds and supports child‑friendly libraries in rural schools. britishcouncil.org.np +1

According to Room to Read and news reports, the NGO has helped set up thousands of school libraries across Nepal. myRepublica +1

The SLP has also integrated ICT modules to help make library use more modern and relevant, especially in rural contexts. NepJol

Reforms and Policy Changes Government Initiatives

As part of education sector reforms, the Nepalese government has introduced a “one school, one library” policy. According to a 2016 report, schools were instructed to allocate dedicated space for libraries, even for primary-level institutions. National Diet Library

The same report describes the development of a library manual, as well as training for teachers (many of whom double as librarians), to help them manage school libraries more effectively. National Diet Library

The Ministry of Education has made it compulsory for primary schools to have a library stocked with non-curricular books (e.g., storybooks, general knowledge, poems) to encourage reading habits. Educate Nepal

Education Sector Reform Programs

Broader education reform initiatives such as the School Sector Reform Plan (SSRP) and the School Sector Development Programme (SSDP) have emphasized early-grade reading and literacy. elibrary.ku.edu.np

The National Early Grade Reading Program (NEGRP), launched in 2014, is part of this push; while not exclusively a library program, it complements school libraries by promoting reading culture among young children. elibrary.ku.edu.np

Policy documents (like the 2018 National Curriculum Framework) and newer education policy drafts mention the importance of establishing and maintaining school libraries. elibrary.ku.edu.np

Challenges and Current Issues

Resource Constraints: Many schools that have “libraries” lack sufficient books, updated materials, shelving, proper furniture, and trained library staff. National Diet Library

Underutilization: Even when libraries exist, student engagement is often low. Studies suggest that students primarily use libraries for reference and exam preparation, rather than for leisure reading or inquiry-based learning. TUCL eLibrary +1

Sustainability: NGO-led library programs (like those by Room to Read) face sustainability challenges. After initial setup, continued funding, maintenance, and technical support are vital. NepJol

Geographic Inequality: Schools in rural and remote areas often lack access to well-resourced libraries. While many NGO-supported libraries exist, coverage is uneven, and not all schools can afford to maintain them independently. myRepublica

Policy Implementation Gaps: Although policies exist, their implementation varies. Some schools might lack guidance, or funds allocated for libraries may be minimal, affecting the quality of library services. National Diet Library

Future Needs and Recommendations

Strengthen Policy Enforcement

Fully implement the “one school, one library” goal, especially in under-resourced and rural schools.

Allocate dedicated budget lines in school and district-level education planning for library infrastructure, staffing, and collection development.

Build Human Capacity

Provide professional training for teacher‑librarians on library management, reading promotion, and integrating ICT.

Develop a library curriculum or modules for teacher education programs.

Expand Collections and Access

Ensure that school libraries carry a mix of curricular, reference, and recreational books, including local-language and culturally relevant titles.

Use digital technologies to supplement physical collections; establish digital reading corners or e‑library access, especially in remote schools.

Sustainability and Community Engagement

Encourage community, parent-teacher associations, and local NGOs to support and sustain school library operations.

Set up systems of monitoring, evaluation, and reporting to measure library usage, learning outcomes, and impact on reading culture.

Partnerships and Innovation

Scale up partnerships with NGOs like Room to Read, but also leverage government‑NGO partnerships for longer-term institutional support.

Pilot new models like mobile libraries, reading clubs, and peer-led book sharing to reach schools without permanent library space.

Promote library advocacy: hold reading events, national library days, and reading campaigns to raise awareness of libraries’ role in education and development.

Conclusion

The evolution of school libraries in Nepal reflects a slow but steady recognition of their importance in supporting literacy, learning, and holistic education. Through decades of neglect, reform efforts now emphasize universal access and better resource provision. However, achieving this vision still requires concerted effort: better policy implementation, funding, capacity building, and community engagement all play a critical role. By investing in school libraries, Nepal can nurture a stronger reading culture, support lifelong learning, and equip its students to be more curious, informed, and empowered citizens.

References

Siwakoti, Sharada. Status of School Library Development in Nepal. Sri Lankan Journal of Librarianship & Information Management, 2005. sllim.sljol.info

Adhikari, Ek Raj. School Library, its Use and Practice: A Study on Three Public School Libraries of Kathmandu District. Thesis, TU College, 2011. TUCL eLibrary

“SLP Research with ICT Modules by ERDCN in Rural Areas of Nepal.” Prateet Baskota, Kiran Shrestha, Devendra Rawal. Sudurpaschim Spectrum. NepJol

“Room to Read opens 48 school libraries in Kapilvastu.” myRepublica, August/September 2025. myRepublica +1

British Council Nepal. Teaching & Learning Book, section on Educational Resource and Development Center Nepal and School Library Program. britishcouncil.org.np

“Summary of damages and losses in education sector” (2016), report on school libraries condition & reconstruction. National Diet Library

International Journal of Educational Review. Sigdel, Surya & Sharma, Mani Ram. Use of Library for Promoting Students’ Learning, 2023. E-Journal Universitas Bengkulu

“Establishing a Better and Improved Public School System in Nepal.” CMI Nepal. CMI Nepal

Role of Library Associations in Professional Development

Role of Library Associations in Professional Development Introduction

Library associations play a critical role in the professional development of librarians and information professionals. Through education, advocacy, networking, research, and standards development, these organizations help shape the library profession, support lifelong learning, and influence information-policy frameworks. This article explores their functions globally, and then zooms into the Nepalese context, illustrating how library associations support librarianship in Nepal.

Global Perspectives Professional Development and Training

One of the core functions of library associations is to organize continuing professional development (CPD) opportunities. These include conferences, workshops, webinars, certification programs, and mentorship. For example, regional associations such as the Mountain Plains Library Association (MPLA) in the United States run leadership institutes and provide professional development grants for members. Wikipedia

Similarly, the Digital Library Federation (DLF) promotes professional development by bringing together practitioners, technologists, and librarians, facilitating sharing of best practices in digital libraries. Wikipedia

Advocacy and Standards

Global associations advocate for the role of libraries in education, democracy, and social inclusion. They often set or support standards in librarianship, information access, and data management. By doing so, they help shape policy and secure funding for library services that benefit communities.

Networking and Collaboration

Library associations provide platforms for networking. Members can connect through special interest groups, divisions, or roundtables aligned with their roles or library types. This fosters peer learning, cross-institution collaborations, and knowledge sharing.

Research and Knowledge Sharing

Associations support professional research in library and information science (LIS), encouraging members to publish, present, or participate in knowledge-sharing forums. Through conferences and publications, library associations help disseminate innovations, such as new digital services or resource-sharing models.

Nepal-Specific Perspectives Key Associations in Nepal

In Nepal, prominent associations contribute to the professionalization of librarianship. Among them:

Nepal Library Association (NLA): Founded in 1980, the NLA is the major national body representing library professionals in Nepal. Wikipedia +2 Nepal Library Association +2

Special Library Association Nepal (SLA‑Nepal): Focused on information professionals in special-purpose or institutional libraries (e.g., corporate, academic, government). Slanepal +1

Professional Development Activities in Nepal Training, Workshops, and CPD

The NLA organizes ongoing CPD programs, including workshops, seminars, and training sessions on topics like information management, digital literacy, and emerging trends in librarianship. Nepal Library Association

These opportunities enable library staff to stay current with technology, best practices, and evolving user needs.

Research and Development

NLA has a dedicated Research & Development wing that promotes research in LIS, supports library professionals to conduct studies, and provides capacity building in research methodologies. Nepal Library Association

This contributes to evidence-based policy advocacy, innovation in library services, and the strengthening of libraries in Nepal.

Networking and Organizational Structure

To expand its reach, NLA has formed provincial committees, such as its most recent Koshi Province committee, which was created to better engage librarians across different regions. Library World

These committees organize local events, training, and advocacy initiatives, thereby decentralizing professional development and making it more accessible.

Institutional Membership and Collaboration

NLA offers organizational membership to libraries, academic institutions, and LIS units, which gives institutions access to capacity building, training, and advisory services. Nepal Library Association

This helps institutions build their own internal capacity and align their services with national library standards.

Role of Veteran Librarians in Mentoring

Through the NLA’s Library Veterans initiative, experienced librarians (“veterans”) mentor younger professionals, share institutional knowledge, and contribute to leadership development. Nepal Library Association

These veterans often play a critical role in shaping library services, guiding research, and advocating for the profession in Nepal.

Special Library Sector

SLA‑Nepal supports information professionals working in non‑public or specialized libraries (such as corporate, government, and academic units). Slanepal

It provides learning, networking, and community-building initiatives, and aligns itself with global affiliate organizations (e.g., IFLA). Slanepal

Impact and Challenges Impact

Capacity Building: Through training, NLA and SLA-Nepal help librarians acquire new skills, stay updated with digital developments, and to manage modern library systems.

Professional Identity: By bringing together practitioners, associations strengthen professional identity, enabling advocacy for better pay, working conditions, and recognition.

Policy Influence: Via research wings and organized advocacy, associations contribute to national library policy, push for funding, and impact information access laws.

Equity and Inclusion: Provincial committees lower barriers to professional development, reaching librarians outside major urban centers.

Challenges

Resource Constraints: Limited funding can restrict the scale and frequency of training or research programs.

Geographical Disparities: Nepal’s terrain and infrastructure make it difficult to reach remote librarians with in-person development.

Digital Divide: Not all librarians may have equal access to online CPD, especially in resource-constrained areas.

Sustainability: Maintaining regular, high-quality programs requires sustained commitment and volunteer engagement, especially from senior librarians.

Conclusion

Library associations play a fundamental role in the professional development of librarians globally and in Nepal. They provide continuous learning, create research opportunities, enable networking, and advocate for the profession. In Nepal, organizations such as the NLA and SLA-Nepal are vital for building a strong, professional LIS community — especially in a context where capacity building, decentralization, and adaptation to digital change are necessary for librarians to serve their communities effectively.

References

Nepal Library Association – About / Mission & History. NLA. Nepal Library Association

NLA – Research & Development wing. Nepal Library Association

NLA launches Koshi Province Committee. Library World

NLA – Trainings & CPD. Nepal Library Association

NLA – Organizational Membership. Nepal Library Association

NLA – Library Veterans. Nepal Library Association

Special Library Association Nepal – About. Slanepal

SLA-Nepal – Affiliation with IFLA. Slanepal

IFLA – Nepal Library Association (Library Map of the World). IFLA Library Map

MPLA — professional development (Leadership Institute, grant programs). Wikipedia

Digital Library Federation — mission and professional development activities. Wikipedia

Library-Focused Topics

History of Libraries in Nepal – evolution from traditional manuscript archives to modern digital libraries.

National Library Development in Nepal – institutions, policies, and milestones.

Library Automation in South Asia – development, tools, and challenges.

Community Libraries in Developing Countries – role, models, and impact.

Library Diplomacy – how libraries support cultural exchange and soft power.

Open Access Movement in Nepal – progress, policies, and institutions involved.

Library Standards and Accreditation Practices in South Asia – comparative analysis.

Digital Preservation of Cultural Heritage in Nepal – initiatives, challenges, technologies.

Evolution of School Libraries in Nepal – status, reforms, and future needs.

Role of Library Associations in Professional Development – global and Nepal-specific perspectives.

Education-Focused Topics

Post-Federalism Education Reform in Nepal – structure, achievements, and challenges.

Knowledge Hubs in Higher Education – concept, implementation, and case studies.

Continuing Professional Development (CPD) in Education – global practices and developing country perspectives.

STEM Education in Nepal – growth, policies, and gaps.

Comparison of National Curricula in South Asia – structure and modernization trends.

Educational Leadership in Nepal – theory, practice, and future directions.

Role of Private Colleges in Nepal’s Education System – growth and regulation.

Impact of Digital Learning Platforms in Rural Education – access, equity, and outcomes.

Multilingual Education in Nepal – policy, implementation, and sociolinguistic context.

Open Science Education in Nepal and the Global South – initiatives and barriers.

ICT-Focused Topics

ICT Development in Nepal – historical timeline, infrastructure, and policy.

Digital Divide in the Kathmandu Valley – causes, patterns, and solutions.

Open-Source Software in Nepal's Public Institutions – adoption trends and impact.

ICT in Library and Information Science Education – curriculum and global trends.

Digital Transformation of Government Services in Nepal – initiatives and outcomes.

Cybersecurity Landscape in Nepal – threats, policies, and institutions.

AI Adoption in Libraries – global trends, tools, and ethical considerations.

Cloud Computing in Developing Countries – opportunities and challenges.

ICT Policy Evolution in South Asia – regional comparison.

Role of ICT in Disaster Management in Nepal – innovations and limitations.